Xiaotingia - Facts and Figures

Name: Xiaotingia; pronounced zhow-TIN-gee-ah Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and five pounds Diet: Insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long tail; primitive feathers About Xiaotingia In order to understand the importance of Xiaotingia, you need a short lesson about a much more famous animal, Archaeopteryx. When the exquisitely preserved fossils of Archaeopteryx were discovered in Germanys Solnhofen fossil beds in the mid-19th century, naturalists identified this flying, feathered creature as the first true bird, the key missing link in avian evolution. Thats the image that has persisted ever since in the popular imagination, even though better-informed paleontologists now know that Archaeopteryx possessed a weird mix of bird-like and dinosaur-like characteristics, and probably should have been classified as a feathered dinosaur (rather than a primitive bird) all along. So what does all of this have to do with Xiaotingia? Well, this very Archaeopteryx-like critter, discovered in Chinas Liaoning fossil beds, predated its more prominent cousin by five million years, living about 155 rather than 150 million years ago. More important, the research team that examined Xiaotingia identified it right off the bat as a small maniraptoran theropod that shared important features in common with raptor dinosaurs like Microraptor and Velociraptor, rather than a prehistoric bird--the implication being that if Xiaotingia wasnt a true bird, then neither was Archaeopteryx, which was only recently descended from it. This has caused a large amount of consternation in the Archaeopteryx was a bird camp, but hasnt impressed those more dubious paleontologists who doubted Archaeopteryxs credentials in the first place!

The Failure Of Communism And Communism - 965 Words

Joel Boyd S.A. Middleton HIST-130.10 22 April 2015 1. Discuss the seeming failure of communism and other forms of socialism and the apparent triumph of capitalism in the 1990s, as well as considering capitalism’s possible benefits and debits in the early twenty-first century. Capitalism and Communism have both been put forth as the best models for modern enlightened societies. Each philosophy contains both desirable and undesirable elements within its framework. Communism is based on a firm belief that fiscal and social equality is the path to an ideal utopian society. Capitalism is based on the principle of individuality, and the exercise of individual rights, freedom, and the liberty to pursue advancement in a competitive free market. Each has shown its strengths and weaknesses. Over the course of time however only one has emerged successfully in the early 21st century, though not without its own egregious faults. Communism has its roots in the philosophy of Marx and Engels. In their â€Å"Communist Manifesto† published in 1848, they laid out the principles of communist society. In Communist society, no private ownership of property is allowed. Property should be shared among the people and likewise the economy. Through economic and social equality, the hope was that individuals would work for the common good of society, and leave the desire for advancement, power and authority behind. Ideal systems do not exist in nature. That statement stands alone as a pillarShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Failure of Communism1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe failure of communism Communist had a long history during the 20th century, and communism was very influential. Almost all of Asia and East Europe became Communist. From the start of the theory then many civil wars in Russia affected the whole world. 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Karl Marx was a German Philosopher whose works are mainly reflected from his social economic theories. Also, he is well known by the critics against capitalism, and how it was necessary step on the road toward communism. â€Å"Communism is a system in which property and labor are all held in common†. This system took a while to receive fame. 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The first official communist state was founded during the Russian revolutions in 1917, due to the inaugural communist political party ‘Bolsheviks’ gaining primal power. Afterwards, the influence of communism spread to other countries with the likes of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany to name a few. These countries that were governed on communistRead MoreThe Theorist I Chose For My Review1457 Words   |  6 Pagesgaining a better understanding of civilization by studying the way that slavery, lord and serf relations, and guild-masters operated at functioned in society. By studying these ancient systems of society Marx was able to create a perfect system, communism, which in theory would create an equal and fair community with no hierarchy. Marx talks about society broken into two classes, the wage-workers and the elite property owners. Because of the majority to minority ratio there is a high chance for rebellion

Juvenile Offender’s Right to a Jury Trial Free Essays

This paper intends to answer the following questions: 1) Should juvenile offenders have a constitutional right to a jury trial? and 2) Should each state make that determination? The legal decision (Amendment 6 and 14th) which addressed the issue will be briefly discussed as well as part of the answers to the aforementioned questions. Should juvenile offenders have a constitutional right to a jury trial? Yes, juvenile offenders should be given a right to a jury trial (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Offender’s Right to a Jury Trial or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). Doing otherwise will be considered unlawful since this is a violation of â€Å"the Sixth Amendment† which covers the â€Å"Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). The â€Å"Sixth Amendment† holds that an individual who undergoes criminal trial should be given a right to â€Å"an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). In addition to that, juvenile offenders should be given a right to a jury trial because anybody who deprives them of this violates the â€Å"Fourteenth Amendment† which involves the â€Å"Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). Explaining further a jury trial is part of what is technically referred to as â€Å"due process† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). Also, â€Å"equal protection† is provided if a â€Å"jury trial† is given to the juvenile offender (FindLaw, 2008, n. . ). Should each state make that determination? There is really no need for each state to make such a decision because this is already covered the â€Å"Fourteenth Amendment† which involves the â€Å"Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). Here, it is clearly stated that â€Å"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privilege or immunities of citizens of the US† (FindLaw, 2008, n. . ). This means that people are protected by the constitution and even their States cannot do anything to take this right away from them (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). The same is true with â€Å"a right to jury trial†, it is not necessary that each State determines what their law will be about this since whether States make a move or not, citizens are still protected by the constitution (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). References FindLaw. (2008). Sixth Amendment. Retrieved November 7, 2008 from  http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment06/ FindLaw. (2008). Fourteenth Amendment. Retrieved November 7, 2008 from  http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment14/ How to cite Juvenile Offender’s Right to a Jury Trial, Papers

WHO Active Ageing Model of Care

Question: Discuss about the WHO Active Ageing Model of Care. Answer: Introduction According to World Health Organization (WHO), active ageing is defined as the optimization of participation, health opportunities and security that is intended to enhance the quality of life when people age. It allows the people to realise their potential for physical, mental and social well-being throughout their life. Active ageing also encompasses their participation in the society and provide them with adequate security, protection and care that they need. Active ageing is aimed at extending the quality of life and healthy life expectancy for the people who age. The important tenants in the process of active ageing are intergenerational solidarityand interdependence. As the population age, they are at an increased risk for developing disease and so, there is an urgency to reduce the burden of chronic diseases. So, there is find it and fix it model called active ageing model of care that address the ageing population health needs (Beard Bloom, 2015). Therefore, in the WHO active ageing framework, the primary goal is the maintenance of autonomy and independence of active ageing and representation of older people in policy, legislation and society. The social capital is the formation of relationship networks among people who live and work to enable and make the society function effectively (Bulmer, 2015). According to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), social capital is defined as formation of networks that have shared values, norms and understanding that facilitate co-operation among the formed groups (Helliwell, Huang Wang, 2014). The social capital has emerged as an area of great interest which makes a positive contribution to health outcomes in the diverse social concerns like community, health, education and safety. This concept has interested the social analysis, policy makers and researchers in the application of policy development and research in the health and social policy and programs. The embedding of community building, social capital and government approach into policy making helps to find solutions to the problems faced in the local issues. The social capital data can be implied to id entify a range of policy questions in the area of health and social policy making. It can be applied in the context of policy making in the allocation of resources, targeting and program evaluation and strategies. Social capital plays an important role in the shaping of community confidence and adaptability that can be efficiently applied in the building of social capital among the communities focusing on policy making. For example, in Australia, there is network building that is facilitated by Welink by Queensland University of Technology facilitating social capital in women empowerment. According to WHO, the active aging depends on a variety of determinants that encompasses individuals, their families and nations. This helps to design the policies and programs that would be effective in improving the quality of life and health of the older people. The WHO model of Active Ageing (2002) comprises of the six factors like heath, component, psychological, cognitive performance, biobehavioral component, social relationship and personality (Boudiny, 2013). The model of Active Ageing is based on three pillars like participation, security and health. The proposed model given by WHO focuses on the key aspects of active ageing; like autonomy, interdependence and quality of life of the older people. It is a broad concept that encompasses ones perceived ability to cope, control and make personal decisions about ones life, independence to perform ones daily activities and ones perception of position in life in context to value system and culture (Moulaert Biggs, 2013). As active ageing takes place, the quality of life of the older people is determined by their ability to maintain independence, autonomy and healthy life expectancy which is determined by how people can live without any disabilities. In the model of care, active aging is an outcome of the various physical and social determinants that helps to identify the people who are at more risk and those who are in favour of active ageing. The policy framework for active ageing is greatly guided by the United Nations Principles for Older People like participation, independence, self-fulfilment, care and dignity (Lassen Moreira, 2014). The policy making requires action in the priority areas of participation, health and security that are considered to be the three pillars for policy framework or determinants of active ageing. The older people are represented based on health like burden of disease, excess disabilities, premature mortality and risk factors associated with disease. The older people are at risk for chronic diseases and there is functional decline with low protective factors. They need care having equal access to healthcare services that addresses their needs and fulfil their rights. The older people are also presented in participation comprising of health, employment and education that support their full participation. Moreover, they require security in terms of physical, financial and mental security and r ights of the older people. They are also represented in a way where the older people face age discrimination and poor recognition of the diversity of the older people. Therefore, policy considerations are required that address the three pillars that act as determinants of active ageing and resents the older people. The WHO model of active ageing is an important approach to policy framework and program designing. It has laid a framework to address the key areas where the policy considerations are required. It has intended to inform discussion and formulations of action plan that promote active and healthy ageing. The model has conceptualised and rationalised the active ageing process emphasizing on the three key pillars that represent older people like health, security and participation (Oliver, Foot Humphries, 2014). Moreover, the model helps to understand the determinants of active ageing through evidence-based approach. It has explained how these determinants have influenced and affected the health and process of active ageing. The physical environment, behavioural and personal determinants, social and health services, economic and social determinants are the determinants of active ageing that influences the quality of life of the older people undergoing active ageing (Foster Walker, 2014). They have also showed that culture and gender are the cross-cutting determinants that influence the major determinants of active ageing and appropriateness of policy making affecting both old men and women. It also highlights the activity participation that is involved in the quality of life and active that explains participation referring to cultural, economic, social and civic affairs. According to Putnam et al., (2013) the active ageing is defined as an outcome of interest. The activity patterns are considered as intermediate outcome that leads to overall well-being or quality of life. According to Van Malderen, Mets Gorus, (2013) the unidirectional linearity is shown in the framework that acts as a limitation in the ageing model. Moreover, the active participation is a broad concept that encompasses all the activities what old people do. Although, many of the conceptualizations are being favoured by the WHO Active Ageing framework like older people are more or less active where there is documented activities grouped into Low Activity as well as High Activity group. The WHO Active Ageing framework also supports that activity is determined by broad range of factors starting from pers onal to environmental (Morrow-Howell et al., 2014). Arguably, the effect of the activity profiles captured by the wide range of activities has not been considered in this model. The study conducted by Abdullah Wolbring, (2013) shows that activity profiles affect the older age well-being and these are differentially related to the mental and physical outcomes. There is also a research gap in the activity engagement in the later life of the old people offering researchers a way to a more comprehensive study that how activities are related to healthy and active ageing. The way older people are represented in the WHO Active Ageing framework has a great impact on the health policy making and model of care. The challenges that the older people face regarding the double burden of disease, increased risk for disability, economics, participation, autonomy, independence and security pose a way to the policy framework that needs to address the challenges faced by the ageing population (Bauman et al., 2016). Moreover, the health policy response needs to address the three main determinants of active ageing like health, participation and security. The policy framework is greatly determined by the behavioural and environmental factors for chronic diseases, employment and education opportunities and security in terms of financial, social and physical security of the ageing population (Chan Liang, 2013). The representation of the older people in the WHO Active Ageing model of care also has an impact on addressing the needs and rights of the older people with an emphasis on age discrimination. The policy framework is also affected by the considerations of the older peoples dignity, protection and care where they are not able to support or care for themselves. The WHO Active Ageing model of care is the foundation for the policy framework that is intended to inform the discussion and action plans that are aimed at promoting active and healthy ageing. The policy framework is greatly determined by the determinants of active ageing having implications on the older people quality of life when they age. The three pillars like health, participation and security are the basis for policy approach. Moreover, the way in which the older people are represented greatly determines the policy making promoting wellness of the older people. It has both positive and negative aspects that determine the policy framework. However, this model of care is an important framework for the making of the policies that helps to promote active and quality ageing. References Abdullah, B., Wolbring, G. (2013). Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of active aging through the lens of the 2002 World Health Organization active ageing report: a policy framework and the 2010 Toronto charter for physical activity: a global call for action.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(12), 6799-6819. Bauman, A., Merom, D., Bull, F. C., Buchner, D. M., Singh, M. A. F. (2016). Updating the evidence for physical activity: summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote Active Aging.The Gerontologist,56(Suppl 2), S268-S280. Beard, J. R., Bloom, D. E. (2015). Towards a comprehensive public health response to population ageing.Lancet (London, England),385(9968), 658-661. Boudiny, K. (2013). Active ageing: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool.Ageing and society,33(06), 1077-1098. Bulmer, M. (2015).The Uses of Social Research (Routledge Revivals): Social Investigation in Public Policy-Making. Routledge. Chan, C. M. A., Liang, J. S. E. (2013). Active aging: policy framework and applications to promote older adult participation in Hong Kong.Ageing International,38(1), 28-42. Foster, L., Walker, A. (2014). Active and successful aging: A European policy perspective.The Gerontologist, gnu028. Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., Wang, S. (2014). Social capital and well-being in times of crisis.Journal of Happiness Studies,15(1), 145-162. Lassen, A. J., Moreira, T. (2014). Unmaking old age: Political and cognitive formats of active ageing.Journal of Aging Studies,30, 33-46. Morrow-Howell, N., Putnam, M., Lee, Y. S., Greenfield, J. C., Inoue, M., Chen, H. (2014). An investigation of activity profiles of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbu002. Moulaert, T., Biggs, S. (2013). International and European policy on work and retirement: Reinventing critical perspectives on active ageing and mature subjectivity.Human Relations,66(1), 23-43. Oliver, D., Foot, C., Humphries, R. (2014). Making our health and care systems fit for an ageing population.London: The Kings Fund. Van Malderen, L., Mets, T., Gorus, E. (2013). Interventions to enhance the Quality of Life of older people in residential long-term care: a systematic review.Ageing research reviews,12(1), 141-150.