Approach to Care of Cancer free essay sample

Malignant growth is viewed as the subsequent driving reason for death in the United States coming about in about 25% of passings (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). The term malignancy includes a group of more than one hundred ailments. Despite the fact that there are different sorts of disease, all tumors start because of anomalous cells development. The normal quality of a dangerous cell is that they develop wild and attack other tissue through the circulatory system or lymph vessels. On the off chance that untreated, diseases can bring about genuine entanglements and demise (American malignancy Society (ACS), 2012). In spite of the fact that the reason for different malignant growths stays obscure, still there are a few referred to causes, for example, hereditary variables; way of life factors, for example, smoking, liquor use, diet, and physical action; specific kinds of diseases for instance, HPV and HIV; and ecological exposures to various sorts of synthetic compounds and radiation (ACS, 2014). It is anticipated by ACS (2012) that 1/2 all things considered and 1/3 of all ladies in the United States will create malignant growth in the course of their life. We will compose a custom article test on Way to deal with Care of Cancer or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The danger of numerous malignant growths could be limited by way of life change and screening. This paper will talk about the analysis and organizing of malignancy, three difficulties of the infection, reactions of treatment, and techniques to limit physical and mental impacts of disease medicines. Finding There is anything but a solitary test to affirm the conclusion of malignancy; it requires arrangement of various test to affirm the determination. It as a rule starts with getting itemized history and leading physical assessment. The patient side effects vary contingent upon the sort and degree of the sickness. Limited side effects of malignant growth identify with the essential site of the illness. The seven admonition indications of malignant growth remembers change for gut or bladder propensities, an irritated that doesn't recuperate, uncommon draining or release, thickening or knot in a zone of the body, heartburn or trouble in gulping, evident change in mole or mole, and pestering hack or raspiness (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Nearness of any of these signs, alongside nitty gritty history, won't affirm the conclusion yet alert the specialist to begin a total malignant growth work up. The stir up will incorporate imaging studies to distinguish area, size, and additionally metastasis. The imaging studies may incorporate x-beams, figured tomography (CT) filters, attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) sweeps, and positron discharge tomography (PET) checks (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Lab test may incorporate investigations of blood, pee and other organic liquids. It might likewise incorporate tests for different tumor markers, which might be raised because of essence of disease (National Cancer Institute, 2014). For instance, raised prostate-explicit antigen (PSA) may show prostate disease, and raised alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) may demonstrate liver malignant growth (Stanford Medicine, 2014). Every one of these tests may recommend nearness of malignancy yet to set up a complete determination and appropriately characterize the sickness biopsy is basic. A malignant growth analysis is generally affirmed by getting cell or tissue test for pathology concentrate through biopsy. There are different strategies for tissue expulsion for assessment. For instance, fine needle biopsy (fine needle goal), center needle biopsy (center biopsy), excisional or incisional biopsy, endoscopic biopsy, and skin biopsies (ACS, 2013). Regardless of the strategy, the objective of the infinitesimal assessment is to affirm the conclusion of malignant growth. The pathologist could normally review and show the sort of malignancy by minuscule assessment with routine handling and recoloring however now and again extra tests are required. For instance, immunohistochemical (IHC) or immunoperoxidase stains, electron microscopy, stream cytometry, picture cytometry, cytogenetics, and Polymerase chain response (PCR) (ACS, 2013). Organizing Grading and arranging in disease is use to foresee the anticipation of a threatening tumor and to design treatment modalities. Reviewing signifies to the histologic characterization of tumor cells and decides the level of anaplasia. Regularly evaluating frameworks order tumors in 3-4 classifications of expanding degrees of harm. Treatment is for the most part dictated by the organizing of the tumor. Organizing characterizes the site and spread of a tumor in an individual patient. Organizing considers the tumor size, degree of nearby development, lymph hub and organ contribution, and nearness of far off metastases. There are distinctive arranging frameworks being used; in any case, the worldwide TNM organizing framework is most broadly utilized framework for disease organizing (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). â€Å"T† speaks to the primary tumor, â€Å"N† demonstrates lymph hub association, and â€Å"M† identifies with metastasis. A numeric worth is place close to each letter to determine the size and degree of the tumor and the level of metastasis. For instance, Tx implies tumor isn't quantifiable, T0 shows no essential tumor discovered, Tis connotes carcinoma in situ (present however not spread), and T1-4 demonstrates the size and degree of the essential tumor. When alluding to lymph hubs Nx implies provincial lymph hubs couldn't be assessed, N0 means that no lymph hub inclusion present, and N1-3 shows the level of lymph hub association. When organizing metastasis Mx implies removed metastasis can't be assessed, M0 means that there is no far off metastasis, and M1 demonstrates that far off metastasis is available (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Albeit, most sorts of malignant growth utilizes TNM appraisal framework to arrange the force of the disease, specific organizing rules may change with tumors in various organ framework, for example, bosom disease (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). The results of the arranging procedure will oversee the decision of malignancy treatment. The medical procedure, radiation treatment, or chemotherapy might be utilized, independently or in blend to devastate the malignancy cells. Restricted nearby tumors might be treated with medical procedure and radiation treatment; anyway sign of metastasis would require incorporation of chemotherapy in the treatment routine (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Intricacies Complications coming about because of this dangerous ailment are as assorted as the various kinds of malignancy itself. The seriousness may change from individual to individual contingent upon the patients’ wellbeing status, phase of malignant growth and region or organ influenced. The confusions could be partitioned in two general classifications, for example, physical and mental complexities. Physical Complications Among different physical complexities torment is the most dreaded confusion of the malady procedure. The component of torment could relate legitimately to the malady itself or by implication because of the treatment and strategies. Malignant growth agony may emerge because of direct weight, hindrance, intrusion of metastatic cells into organs or bone, tissue obliteration, and aggravation (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). The treatment and techniques, for example, biopsies and intravenous treatment may turn into extra contributing variables for torment (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Giving sufficient torment the executives and backing for related side effects is a fundamental duty of the human services group. Agony the executives should be individualized dependent on patient’s torment observation and reaction. Patients ought to be urged to report torment, and yet the human services proficient should be aware of social and social ramifications as for torment discernment. Torment managementâ includes organization of analgesics varying or on booked premise, giving choices to tolerant controlled absense of pain, non-pharmacological intercessions, for example, reflection, and overseeing exercises to limit torment (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Another inconvenience of disease is bone marrow concealment which prompts sickliness, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The reason for bone marrow concealment could be attack and pulverization of blood-framing cells in the bone marrow, poor nourishment, and chemotherapeutic medications (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Pallor indicates to insufficient flowing red platelets. The signs and side effects showed by a patient may incorporate weakness, tachycardia, and tachypnea because of diminished oxygen-conveying limit. Leukopenia alludes to decrease in white platelets available for use. This risks a patient’s ability to battle diseases, along these lines turning into a main consideration for poor visualization. The patient may exhibit signs and side effects of disease, for example, fever, chills, hack, or loose bowels. Thrombocytopenia implies a shortfall in circling platelets, which could prompt lethal draining. The patient could show signs and side effects of draining, for example, wounds, hematuria, and so forth. These issues are overseen by organization of blood items. In chose circumstances, development factors, for example, erythropoietin (Epogen) or granulocyte-invigorating components (Neupogen), are additionally regulated to improve the creation of red and white platelets (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Symptoms of Treatment Surgery is the principal alternative for patients with strong, limited tumors. Notwithstanding giving examples to biopsy, it could be healing if the malignant growth is distinguished at a beginning period. In high hazard populace, it is likewise utilized as a protection intercession. Careful mediation contains potential dangers identified with organization of sedation, danger of disease, and blood misfortune. Furthermore, it might cause deformation or cause loss of capacity prompting physical and mental issues (Copstead, Banasik, 2010). Contingent upon the issue, patients could be offered pharmacological help if there should arise an occurrence of agony and disease and guiding for mental concerns. For anticipation of contamination appropriate injury the executives is essential. Moreover arrangement ofâ prosthesis, wigs and other such supplies could assist persistent with adapting issues of changed mental self portrait. Chemotherapy involves sy

Running Head HOUSING; RECREATIONAL AREAS AND BATH Essays

Running Head: HOUSING; RECREATIONAL AREAS AND BATHING FACILITIES; Fiasco SANITATION TUI UNIVERSITY Timothy N. Tarrant Module 4: BHE 314 Ecological Health and Safety Dr. Rania Sabty-Daily 20 August 2008 Dynamic The main reason for this paper is to explore issues at a nearby high rise. There is toxic paint stripping from the dividers and shape developing on the dividers. This paper will sum up the wellbeing risks related with lead and form, and portray what might be done to control these two general wellbeing perils. The second motivation behind this is to decide how to ensure the strength of neighborhood swimmers at a recreational pool. I will examine two techniques that have been utilized to treat swimming pool water, ozonation and chlorination. At that point I will distinguish the technique that would give the best assurance to swimmers and the general's wellbeing. Lodging AND HABITABILITY As indicated by the Office of Lead-Based Paint Abatement and Poisoning Counteraction, Youth lead harming is the most widely recognized ecological ailment of small kids. (EPA, 1996) Lead salts were added to paints as shading operators and stabilizers during the Industrial Revolution. This toxic paint was utilized to paint both outside and inside surfaces of condos, homes and structures worked before 1978. Hence, the government has since prohibited toxic paint from lodging in 1978. (HUD, 2007) Lead harming is brought about by ingestion of lead from paint, soil, family unit dust, and even by drinking tainted water. Lead paint that has decayed will blend in with soil, is followed into homes and becomes blended in with family unit dust. Kids are regularly harmed through the ingestion of paint chips or playing in polluted soil. Toxic paint can reemerge and represent a risk when paint surfaces break, scale, strip and chip or become free. Lead harming can cause cerebrum, kidney, and apprehensive framework harm. The impacts on the focal sensory system are for the most part irreversible and incorporate mental hindrance, conduct issues, and language deficiencies. Indications of lead harming are fluctuated and subject to the age of the uncovered individual and term of introduction yet incorporate pallor, stomach torment, fractiousness, slurred discourse, torpidity, seizures, unconsciousness, furthermore, even passing. There are some straightforward things that you can do to secure your family from introduction to lead. The most significant is essential cleanliness and neatness. Wipe off soil from shoes before strolling into a house, mop filthy or dusty regions in the house and keep youngster play territories clean. Kids ought to likewise shield from setting fingers or toys in their mouths. Hand cleanliness is likewise significant. Kids should wash their hands prior to eating or hitting the hay. This will constrain inadvertent introduction through ingestion. Whenever painted surfaces inside the house are decaying, at that point fixing such zones will briefly decrease the risks. To for all time evacuate the painted lead perils, somebody that is ensured in lead decrease ought to be employed. Ensured laborers have particular preparing to appropriately and securely evacuate the paint and tidy up remaining residue. (HUD, 2007) Another family danger present in numerous American homes is form. Worries as of late have been raised on account of the causal connection among shape and sensitivities, asthma, and introduction to form delivering poisons. As indicated by a 1999 May Clinic Study, about all interminable sinus diseases tormenting 37 million Americans are a consequence of molds. (Mann, 2002) Mold can develop on dividers, roofs, floor coverings, furniture what's more, other family unit surfaces. Shape spores can cause genuine wellbeing issues yet form doesn't influence everybody in a similar way. Typhoon Katrina made an enormous form issue inside the United States. One of the most exceedingly terrible impacts of water harm comes as form. Following a tropical storm or extreme floods, shape may create, causing genuine wellbeing issues. The state and the U.S. Branch of Homeland Security's Federal Crisis Management Agency (FEMA) are attempting to illuminate the general population as to the wellbeing risks related with shape, what should be possible to limit form, furthermore, what ways can be powerful in tidying up form. (FEMA, 2005) Mold is regularly found in regions that have a generally high stickiness and can frequently be discovered just by the moist smelly smell that is delivered. Controlling family unit dampness is fundamental to control shape. Likewise, direct daylight forestalls the development of shape. Appropriate ventilation and the utilization of a dehumidifier will forestall and dispose of form. The most ideal approach to evacuate shape development from hard surfaces is to utilize business items, cleanser and water, or a sanitizer arrangement. POOLS Ensuring individuals at recreational pools is not kidding business. As indicated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, between

How to Write an Amazing Persuasive Essay

How to Write an Amazing Persuasive Essay (0) The entire point of a persuasive essay is to persuade or convince the reader to agree with your perspective on the topic. In this type of essay, you’re not limited to facts. It’s completely acceptable to include your opinions and back them up with facts, where necessary. Tricks for Writing a Persuasive Essay In this type of writing, you’ll find it is particularly helpful to focus on the emotional side of things. Make your reader feel what you feel and bring them into your way of thinking. There are a few ways to do that. Be Assertive A persuasive essay doesn’t have to be gentle in how it presents your opinion. You really want people to agree with you, so focus on making that happen, even if it means pushing the envelope a little. You’ll tend to get higher grades for this, because the essay is more likely to convince the reader to agree. Consider using an Persuasive Essay Template to understand the key elements of the essay. Use Words that Evoke Emotion It’s easier to get people to see things your way when they feel an emotional connection. As you describe your topic, make sure to incorporate words that cause people to feel an emotion. For example, instead of saying, “children are taken from their parents” you might say, “children are torn from the loving arms of their parents, kicking and screaming.” Dramatic? Yes, but it gets the point across and helps your reader experience the Make it Personal   By using first person, you make the reader feel like they know you. Talking about the reader in second person can help them feel included and begin to imagine themselves in your shoes. Telling someone “many people are affected by this” and telling them “you are affected by this every day” will have very different results. While each of these tips can help improve your essay, there’s no rule that you have to actually persuade for your own point of view. If you feel the essay would be more interesting if you take the opposite stance, why not write it that way? This will require more research and thinking, but you could end up with a very unique essay that will catch the teacher’s eye. Topic Section Hints A persuasive essay requires a topic that has multiple points of view. In most cases, topics like the moon being made of rock would be difficult to argue, since this is a solid fact. This means you’ll need to choose something that has more than one reasonable opinion related to it. A good topic for a persuasive essay would be something that you could persuade for or against. Some examples include: Should children be required to use booster seats until age 12? Should schools allow the sale of sugary desserts and candy? Should marijuana use be legal? Should high school students be confined to school grounds during school hours? Should GMO food be labeled by law? Should police be required to undergo sensitivity training? Should the United States withdraw troops from overseas? Some topics are more controversial than others, but any of these could be argued from either point of view . . . some even allow for multiple points of view. As you write your persuasive essay, remember that your goal is to get the reader to nod their head and agree with you. Each section of the essay should bring you closer to this goal. If you write the essay with this in mind, you’ll end up with a paper that will receive high grades. Finally, if you’re ever facing writer’s block for your college paper, consider WriteWell’s template gallery to help you get started. Painlessly create citations for your paper in MLA format, APA format, Chicago, and other styles using EasyBib citation tools!

Xiaotingia - Facts and Figures

Name: Xiaotingia; pronounced zhow-TIN-gee-ah Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and five pounds Diet: Insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long tail; primitive feathers About Xiaotingia In order to understand the importance of Xiaotingia, you need a short lesson about a much more famous animal, Archaeopteryx. When the exquisitely preserved fossils of Archaeopteryx were discovered in Germanys Solnhofen fossil beds in the mid-19th century, naturalists identified this flying, feathered creature as the first true bird, the key missing link in avian evolution. Thats the image that has persisted ever since in the popular imagination, even though better-informed paleontologists now know that Archaeopteryx possessed a weird mix of bird-like and dinosaur-like characteristics, and probably should have been classified as a feathered dinosaur (rather than a primitive bird) all along. So what does all of this have to do with Xiaotingia? Well, this very Archaeopteryx-like critter, discovered in Chinas Liaoning fossil beds, predated its more prominent cousin by five million years, living about 155 rather than 150 million years ago. More important, the research team that examined Xiaotingia identified it right off the bat as a small maniraptoran theropod that shared important features in common with raptor dinosaurs like Microraptor and Velociraptor, rather than a prehistoric bird--the implication being that if Xiaotingia wasnt a true bird, then neither was Archaeopteryx, which was only recently descended from it. This has caused a large amount of consternation in the Archaeopteryx was a bird camp, but hasnt impressed those more dubious paleontologists who doubted Archaeopteryxs credentials in the first place!

The Failure Of Communism And Communism - 965 Words

Joel Boyd S.A. Middleton HIST-130.10 22 April 2015 1. Discuss the seeming failure of communism and other forms of socialism and the apparent triumph of capitalism in the 1990s, as well as considering capitalism’s possible benefits and debits in the early twenty-first century. Capitalism and Communism have both been put forth as the best models for modern enlightened societies. Each philosophy contains both desirable and undesirable elements within its framework. Communism is based on a firm belief that fiscal and social equality is the path to an ideal utopian society. Capitalism is based on the principle of individuality, and the exercise of individual rights, freedom, and the liberty to pursue advancement in a competitive free market. Each has shown its strengths and weaknesses. Over the course of time however only one has emerged successfully in the early 21st century, though not without its own egregious faults. Communism has its roots in the philosophy of Marx and Engels. In their â€Å"Communist Manifesto† published in 1848, they laid out the principles of communist society. In Communist society, no private ownership of property is allowed. Property should be shared among the people and likewise the economy. Through economic and social equality, the hope was that individuals would work for the common good of society, and leave the desire for advancement, power and authority behind. Ideal systems do not exist in nature. That statement stands alone as a pillarShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Failure of Communism1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe failure of communism Communist had a long history during the 20th century, and communism was very influential. Almost all of Asia and East Europe became Communist. From the start of the theory then many civil wars in Russia affected the whole world. 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The first official communist state was founded during the Russian revolutions in 1917, due to the inaugural communist political party ‘Bolsheviks’ gaining primal power. Afterwards, the influence of communism spread to other countries with the likes of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany to name a few. These countries that were governed on communistRead MoreThe Theorist I Chose For My Review1457 Words   |  6 Pagesgaining a better understanding of civilization by studying the way that slavery, lord and serf relations, and guild-masters operated at functioned in society. By studying these ancient systems of society Marx was able to create a perfect system, communism, which in theory would create an equal and fair community with no hierarchy. Marx talks about society broken into two classes, the wage-workers and the elite property owners. Because of the majority to minority ratio there is a high chance for rebellion

Juvenile Offender’s Right to a Jury Trial Free Essays

This paper intends to answer the following questions: 1) Should juvenile offenders have a constitutional right to a jury trial? and 2) Should each state make that determination? The legal decision (Amendment 6 and 14th) which addressed the issue will be briefly discussed as well as part of the answers to the aforementioned questions. Should juvenile offenders have a constitutional right to a jury trial? Yes, juvenile offenders should be given a right to a jury trial (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Offender’s Right to a Jury Trial or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). Doing otherwise will be considered unlawful since this is a violation of â€Å"the Sixth Amendment† which covers the â€Å"Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). The â€Å"Sixth Amendment† holds that an individual who undergoes criminal trial should be given a right to â€Å"an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). In addition to that, juvenile offenders should be given a right to a jury trial because anybody who deprives them of this violates the â€Å"Fourteenth Amendment† which involves the â€Å"Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). Explaining further a jury trial is part of what is technically referred to as â€Å"due process† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). Also, â€Å"equal protection† is provided if a â€Å"jury trial† is given to the juvenile offender (FindLaw, 2008, n. . ). Should each state make that determination? There is really no need for each state to make such a decision because this is already covered the â€Å"Fourteenth Amendment† which involves the â€Å"Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection† (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). Here, it is clearly stated that â€Å"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privilege or immunities of citizens of the US† (FindLaw, 2008, n. . ). This means that people are protected by the constitution and even their States cannot do anything to take this right away from them (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). The same is true with â€Å"a right to jury trial†, it is not necessary that each State determines what their law will be about this since whether States make a move or not, citizens are still protected by the constitution (FindLaw, 2008, n. p. ). References FindLaw. (2008). Sixth Amendment. Retrieved November 7, 2008 from  http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment06/ FindLaw. (2008). Fourteenth Amendment. Retrieved November 7, 2008 from  http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment14/ How to cite Juvenile Offender’s Right to a Jury Trial, Papers

WHO Active Ageing Model of Care

Question: Discuss about the WHO Active Ageing Model of Care. Answer: Introduction According to World Health Organization (WHO), active ageing is defined as the optimization of participation, health opportunities and security that is intended to enhance the quality of life when people age. It allows the people to realise their potential for physical, mental and social well-being throughout their life. Active ageing also encompasses their participation in the society and provide them with adequate security, protection and care that they need. Active ageing is aimed at extending the quality of life and healthy life expectancy for the people who age. The important tenants in the process of active ageing are intergenerational solidarityand interdependence. As the population age, they are at an increased risk for developing disease and so, there is an urgency to reduce the burden of chronic diseases. So, there is find it and fix it model called active ageing model of care that address the ageing population health needs (Beard Bloom, 2015). Therefore, in the WHO active ageing framework, the primary goal is the maintenance of autonomy and independence of active ageing and representation of older people in policy, legislation and society. The social capital is the formation of relationship networks among people who live and work to enable and make the society function effectively (Bulmer, 2015). According to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), social capital is defined as formation of networks that have shared values, norms and understanding that facilitate co-operation among the formed groups (Helliwell, Huang Wang, 2014). The social capital has emerged as an area of great interest which makes a positive contribution to health outcomes in the diverse social concerns like community, health, education and safety. This concept has interested the social analysis, policy makers and researchers in the application of policy development and research in the health and social policy and programs. The embedding of community building, social capital and government approach into policy making helps to find solutions to the problems faced in the local issues. The social capital data can be implied to id entify a range of policy questions in the area of health and social policy making. It can be applied in the context of policy making in the allocation of resources, targeting and program evaluation and strategies. Social capital plays an important role in the shaping of community confidence and adaptability that can be efficiently applied in the building of social capital among the communities focusing on policy making. For example, in Australia, there is network building that is facilitated by Welink by Queensland University of Technology facilitating social capital in women empowerment. According to WHO, the active aging depends on a variety of determinants that encompasses individuals, their families and nations. This helps to design the policies and programs that would be effective in improving the quality of life and health of the older people. The WHO model of Active Ageing (2002) comprises of the six factors like heath, component, psychological, cognitive performance, biobehavioral component, social relationship and personality (Boudiny, 2013). The model of Active Ageing is based on three pillars like participation, security and health. The proposed model given by WHO focuses on the key aspects of active ageing; like autonomy, interdependence and quality of life of the older people. It is a broad concept that encompasses ones perceived ability to cope, control and make personal decisions about ones life, independence to perform ones daily activities and ones perception of position in life in context to value system and culture (Moulaert Biggs, 2013). As active ageing takes place, the quality of life of the older people is determined by their ability to maintain independence, autonomy and healthy life expectancy which is determined by how people can live without any disabilities. In the model of care, active aging is an outcome of the various physical and social determinants that helps to identify the people who are at more risk and those who are in favour of active ageing. The policy framework for active ageing is greatly guided by the United Nations Principles for Older People like participation, independence, self-fulfilment, care and dignity (Lassen Moreira, 2014). The policy making requires action in the priority areas of participation, health and security that are considered to be the three pillars for policy framework or determinants of active ageing. The older people are represented based on health like burden of disease, excess disabilities, premature mortality and risk factors associated with disease. The older people are at risk for chronic diseases and there is functional decline with low protective factors. They need care having equal access to healthcare services that addresses their needs and fulfil their rights. The older people are also presented in participation comprising of health, employment and education that support their full participation. Moreover, they require security in terms of physical, financial and mental security and r ights of the older people. They are also represented in a way where the older people face age discrimination and poor recognition of the diversity of the older people. Therefore, policy considerations are required that address the three pillars that act as determinants of active ageing and resents the older people. The WHO model of active ageing is an important approach to policy framework and program designing. It has laid a framework to address the key areas where the policy considerations are required. It has intended to inform discussion and formulations of action plan that promote active and healthy ageing. The model has conceptualised and rationalised the active ageing process emphasizing on the three key pillars that represent older people like health, security and participation (Oliver, Foot Humphries, 2014). Moreover, the model helps to understand the determinants of active ageing through evidence-based approach. It has explained how these determinants have influenced and affected the health and process of active ageing. The physical environment, behavioural and personal determinants, social and health services, economic and social determinants are the determinants of active ageing that influences the quality of life of the older people undergoing active ageing (Foster Walker, 2014). They have also showed that culture and gender are the cross-cutting determinants that influence the major determinants of active ageing and appropriateness of policy making affecting both old men and women. It also highlights the activity participation that is involved in the quality of life and active that explains participation referring to cultural, economic, social and civic affairs. According to Putnam et al., (2013) the active ageing is defined as an outcome of interest. The activity patterns are considered as intermediate outcome that leads to overall well-being or quality of life. According to Van Malderen, Mets Gorus, (2013) the unidirectional linearity is shown in the framework that acts as a limitation in the ageing model. Moreover, the active participation is a broad concept that encompasses all the activities what old people do. Although, many of the conceptualizations are being favoured by the WHO Active Ageing framework like older people are more or less active where there is documented activities grouped into Low Activity as well as High Activity group. The WHO Active Ageing framework also supports that activity is determined by broad range of factors starting from pers onal to environmental (Morrow-Howell et al., 2014). Arguably, the effect of the activity profiles captured by the wide range of activities has not been considered in this model. The study conducted by Abdullah Wolbring, (2013) shows that activity profiles affect the older age well-being and these are differentially related to the mental and physical outcomes. There is also a research gap in the activity engagement in the later life of the old people offering researchers a way to a more comprehensive study that how activities are related to healthy and active ageing. The way older people are represented in the WHO Active Ageing framework has a great impact on the health policy making and model of care. The challenges that the older people face regarding the double burden of disease, increased risk for disability, economics, participation, autonomy, independence and security pose a way to the policy framework that needs to address the challenges faced by the ageing population (Bauman et al., 2016). Moreover, the health policy response needs to address the three main determinants of active ageing like health, participation and security. The policy framework is greatly determined by the behavioural and environmental factors for chronic diseases, employment and education opportunities and security in terms of financial, social and physical security of the ageing population (Chan Liang, 2013). The representation of the older people in the WHO Active Ageing model of care also has an impact on addressing the needs and rights of the older people with an emphasis on age discrimination. The policy framework is also affected by the considerations of the older peoples dignity, protection and care where they are not able to support or care for themselves. The WHO Active Ageing model of care is the foundation for the policy framework that is intended to inform the discussion and action plans that are aimed at promoting active and healthy ageing. The policy framework is greatly determined by the determinants of active ageing having implications on the older people quality of life when they age. The three pillars like health, participation and security are the basis for policy approach. Moreover, the way in which the older people are represented greatly determines the policy making promoting wellness of the older people. It has both positive and negative aspects that determine the policy framework. However, this model of care is an important framework for the making of the policies that helps to promote active and quality ageing. References Abdullah, B., Wolbring, G. (2013). Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of active aging through the lens of the 2002 World Health Organization active ageing report: a policy framework and the 2010 Toronto charter for physical activity: a global call for action.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(12), 6799-6819. Bauman, A., Merom, D., Bull, F. C., Buchner, D. M., Singh, M. A. F. (2016). Updating the evidence for physical activity: summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote Active Aging.The Gerontologist,56(Suppl 2), S268-S280. Beard, J. R., Bloom, D. E. (2015). Towards a comprehensive public health response to population ageing.Lancet (London, England),385(9968), 658-661. Boudiny, K. (2013). Active ageing: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool.Ageing and society,33(06), 1077-1098. Bulmer, M. (2015).The Uses of Social Research (Routledge Revivals): Social Investigation in Public Policy-Making. Routledge. Chan, C. M. A., Liang, J. S. E. (2013). Active aging: policy framework and applications to promote older adult participation in Hong Kong.Ageing International,38(1), 28-42. Foster, L., Walker, A. (2014). Active and successful aging: A European policy perspective.The Gerontologist, gnu028. Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., Wang, S. (2014). Social capital and well-being in times of crisis.Journal of Happiness Studies,15(1), 145-162. Lassen, A. J., Moreira, T. (2014). Unmaking old age: Political and cognitive formats of active ageing.Journal of Aging Studies,30, 33-46. Morrow-Howell, N., Putnam, M., Lee, Y. S., Greenfield, J. C., Inoue, M., Chen, H. (2014). An investigation of activity profiles of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbu002. Moulaert, T., Biggs, S. (2013). International and European policy on work and retirement: Reinventing critical perspectives on active ageing and mature subjectivity.Human Relations,66(1), 23-43. Oliver, D., Foot, C., Humphries, R. (2014). Making our health and care systems fit for an ageing population.London: The Kings Fund. Van Malderen, L., Mets, T., Gorus, E. (2013). Interventions to enhance the Quality of Life of older people in residential long-term care: a systematic review.Ageing research reviews,12(1), 141-150.

Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries

The linkage between water quality and public health is derived from the fact that unsafe water is responsible for causing a variety of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, which claims the lives of an estimated 5 million people annually – 6,000 children everyday (NRDC, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to WHO (2010), the quality of drinking water is a foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne ailments, thus water quality is a critical environmental determinant of health for populations using the water. Water that is contaminated with chemicals or bacteria can compromise the state of public health by increasing the risks of various disease outbreaks. Due to inadequate or ineffective water treatment policies in most developing countries, drinking water often gets contaminated wi th chemicals and bacteria from industrial wastes, pesticides, and untreated human waste (NRDC, 2008), setting the stage for the outbreak of notable waterborne diseases as is presently happening in Haiti after the devastating earthquake that occasioned the contamination of drinking water with human effluent. Some water pollutants carry disease-causing agents such as E. coli, giardia, and the typhoid bacteria, which have been known to cause potentially fatal diseases. NRDC (2008) notes that an estimated 3 million children perish each year due to waterborne diseases, 90 percent dying before celebrating their 5th birthday as a direct consequence of their weak immunity systems. Contaminated water is also known to cause skin lesions, cardiac conditions, and several types of cancer. According to Markandya (2004), â€Å"†¦unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in high-mortality developing countries† (p. 3).Advertising Looking fo r essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, it can be argued that the quality of water is a foremost determinant of the health of populations globally. Indeed, water is a fundamental component of public health, and failure to avail clean water to people in need places a heavy burden on the entire population (Massoud et al., 2010) Water quality and quantity concerns in the U.S. are remarkably different from concerns raised by a typical developing country. Although various challenges to water quality have been posed (Ashok, 1998), the U.S. has implemented a multiplicity of measures aimed at improving the quality of water, such as source water protection, waste water treatment, water treatment, and effective waste management practices. Lack of adequate resources and political will continue to compromise efforts geared towards ensuring water quality in most developing nations. In terms of quantity, one of the foremost issue facing developing countries is lack of enough water to meet basic human needs (Markandya, 2004). Developing countries often contends with the ever-present challenge of chemical and biological water contamination, arising from improper waste disposal and water treatment mechanisms (NRDC, 2008). This issue has been largely brought under control in the U.S., though some challenges have been reported. However, it should be noted that the issue of water contamination continues to adversely affect the level of water quality in most developing countries. The issue of high water contamination gives rise to rampant outbreak of waterborne diseases. According to Ashok (1998), waterborne diseases continue to cause high incidences of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Massoud et al (2010) notes that â€Å"†¦in developing countries, nearly 80% of all diseases are linked to water and sanitation† (p. 24). The U.S. and other developed countries have mana ged to control the issue of waterborne diseases by putting in place effective strategies, policies, and systems of ensuring water quality. Water quality and quantity issues in the African country of Kenya have taken a centre stage in the government’s efforts to enhance public health. This is after the realization that a sizeable population of children below age 5 were dying annually of curable diarrheal conditions contracted through drinking unsafe water (Ashok, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country’s budget has for years been burdened by the frequent outbreaks of waterborne diseases due to rampant biological contamination from leaking human sewer pipes and chemical contamination from factories and other installations that directs their effluence into rivers and waterbeds. Inadequate disposal of human and ani mal excrement continues to be blamed for massive water contamination in the country, putting many lives at risk. The magnitude of the mortality and morbidity from waterborne ailments is one of the country’s principal environmental health threats to millions of people. The growth and development of children in the country has been adversely affected by frequent episodes of diarrheal diseases. In rainy seasons, for instance, the country is forced to put up with huge economic costs stemming from lost adult productivity occasioned by waterborne diarrheal diseases (Ashok, 1998). Community members are forced to shoulder extra healthcare costs as they seek treatment for diseases caused by unsafe drinking water. In equal measure, the quantity of drinking water that can be considered safe for human consumption is barely enough due to population pressure and urban migration. Reference List Ashok, G. (1998). Drinking water in developing countries. Annual Review of Energy the Environmen t, 23(11), 253-270. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Markandya, A. (2004). Water quality issues in developing countries. Web. Massoud, M.A., Al-Abady, A., Jurdi, M., Nuwayhid, I. (2010). The challenges of sustainable access to safe drinking water in rural areas of developing countries: Case of Zawtar El-charkieh, Southern Lebanon. Journal of Environmental Health, 72(10), 24-30. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Natural Resources Defense Council. (2008). Bringing safe water to the world. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/issues/water World Health Organization. (2010). Water sanitation and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/ This essay on Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Tyler G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Life Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Life Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Life You have been ready to move on for quite some time But maybe not so ready to let go Of all that you know (Your friends, your family, and all the sweet memories) But you have to remember There is a life to be lived and a beautiful world to be seen There are new friends and more memories to make And the world is just going to keep going with or without you Don't let fear hold you back From taking that chance Sacrifice, laugh, cry, give, learn love Just let yourself go and live the life that you want Find yourself and be brave Discover the world that awaits you and enjoy this wonderful life.

You can decide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can decide - Essay Example Therefore over time animals evolve not only physical attributes to be able to catch and devour their prey and avoid being the prey of larger animals, but instinctive behavior patterns as well. In this case the lions take advantage of their similar color to hide in the tall grass. They know they cant conquer the large adult buffalo so they go after the smaller baby who tries unsuccessfully to escape into the river. Two crocodiles seeing a prey of opportunity try to pull the baby into the river but lose out in a tug of war to the more numerous lions. Just as the lions are about to finish off the baby the adults return and with their superior size and horns are able to rescue the still alive baby and fend off the lions. This event shows that while the lions instinctively only successfully attack the baby buffalo, they did not have the foresight to realize the adult buffalo would return to try to rescue their young. Life in the wild for animals is a constant struggle to prey on more vuln erable for food and to avoid being preyed upon themselves. While over time they evolve physical characteristics and instinctive behavior to enhance their survivability, they generally do not develop the intellectual capacity to refrain from a tempting target which could spark effective counterattack. Man has this ability which allows him to evolve to the top of the food chain in spite of potentially more powerful adversaries. Cells are the building blocks of life. As the Cells Alive website states they divide naturally in a newborn producing new cells with minuscule changes in order that their host species of animal is better equipped to survive in their particular environment. These adaptive changes called mitosis occur slowly over hundreds if not thousands of years . A baby is a combination of the mother’s and father’s genes or cell structures and likely there are also small changes that neither parent has. While most cells have specialized

VIS 152FACT AND FICTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

VIS 152FACT AND FICTION - Essay Example To this end Abbas Kiarostami’s Close-up becomes an â€Å"unclassifiable hybrid.†(Rapfogel, 2001) The film’s central character, Hossain Sabzian and the film’s plot are not fictional creations, but rather real recreations. The fact is, a man with the name, Hossain Sabzian did in fact impersonate a film executive named Mohsen Makhmalbaf and the impersonator, Sabzian is played by himself. (Rapfogel, 2001) Kiarostami takes the concept of documentary film to a unique level so that the art of distinguishing the actor from the character he or she plays is impossible since the actors play themselves in the film. In this regard, each of the actors and the characters that they play are authentic representations of themselves. Since the actors are not caught unaware, they are role-playing nonetheless. (Naremore, 1988) Real life situations are therefore reconstructed so that the nuances of human existence are exposed. So while Close-up brings film closer to life, it simultaneously brings the reader closer to reality. So although Close-up is for all intents and purposes a staged portrayal of real characters and a real plot, it is very much an exercise in realism and authenticity. This is because it combines reality with â€Å"an hallucination that is also a fact.† (Bazin, 1967) The hallucination is manifested by the preparedness in filming and performing. Salesman like Close-up chronicles everyday life by depicting the role playing in vastly similar ways. Like Sabzian, who impersonates a film executive for disingenuous reasons, the salesmen in Salesman likewise resort to role playing. The four salesman follows the travels of four Irish Catholic Bible salesmen from Boston to New England and Florida where they attempt to sell fancy bibles to lower and middle class consumers who are obviously not interested in purchasing the bibles. Paul, one salesman is the ultimate performer. In trying to reach his sales’ quota he even lies to

Lab Report: Diffusion and Osmosis

Lab Report: Diffusion and Osmosis Hypothesis and Prediction: This lab was done to examine and comprehend how diffusion and osmosis works in diverse molarity of sucrose. Also how the solutions permeates through different mediums. Methods: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis: A 30 cm piece of 2.5 cm dialysis that has been soaked in water was obtained. The beginning of tubing was tied off, forming a bag with an open end that was rubbed between the fingers till separated. 15mL of the 15% glucose and 1% starch solution was placed into the bag and the ending of the dialysis bag was tied off, leaving some space for the development of the content within the dialysis bag. The color of the solution was recorded and was tested for the presence of glucose. Distilled water was poured into a 250 mL beaker (two-thirds of a cup) with about 4mL of Lugols solution (IKI). The color of the sucrose in the beaker was recorded and was tested for glucose. The dialysis bag was then submerged into the beaker of solution and left to stand for about 30 minutes (or until there was a color change in the dialysis bag or beaker).Once the bag was done soaking in the beaker, the final color of the solution in the bag and the beaker was recorded. The liquid in the bag and the beaker was then tested for the existence of glucose. Part B: Osmosis Six strips of 30 cm presoaked dialysis tubing were obtained. For each strip, an end was tied and roughly 25 mL of different solutions (distilled water, 0.2 M sucrose, 0.4 M sucrose, 0.6 M sucrose, 0.8 M sucrose and 1.0 M sucrose) was poured into their individual bags. Most of the remaining air was then removed from each bag by bringing the bag between two fingers and tied off at the opened end. The outside of each bag was then bathed to wash away any sucrose that spilled when filling the bag. The exterior of each bag was then blotted and the initial mass of each bag was weighed and recorded. Distilled water was then filled into six 250 mL beakers. Each bag was then emerged into one of the six filled beaker and the beakers were labeled by which bag of solution was emerged in it. The bags stood in the beaker for half an hour. When the time was up, each bag was removed, blotted and the mass of each bag was recorded. The mass difference was calculated and then using the equation: Percent change in mass = Final Mass – Initial Mass/Initial Mass x 100. The individual and the class average of the percent change in mass were then graphed. Part C: Water Potential 100 mL of the given solution was poured into six different labeled 250 mL beaker. The potato was then sliced into discs that were just about 3 cm thick. A cork borer (about 5 mm in diameter) was then used to cut four potato cylinders for each beaker, a total of 24 potato cores. Until the mass of cores were weighed by fours and recorded, the potato cores were kept in a covered beaker. Four cores were then put into each beaker of sucrose solution. Plastic wrap was then given to cover the beakers, preventing evaporation when left to stand overnight. The next day, the cores were then removed from the beakers and were blotted gently on a paper towel. Their total mass was then determined and recorded. The mass difference was calculated and then using the equation: Percent change in mass = Final Mass – Initial Mass/Initial Mass x 100. The individual and the class average of the percent change in mass were then graphed. Part D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data Determine the solute, pressure and water potential of the sucrose solution given and answer the questions about the possibility if zucchini cores were used with the sucrose solutions. Results: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis Table 1.1-Presence of Glucose in Water through a Dialysis Bag Initial Contents Solution Color Presence of Glucose Initial Final Initial Final BAG 15% GLUCOSE and 1% STARCH Clear Clear Yes Yes BEAKER H20 + IKI Yellow (an olive oil color) Clear No Yes Part B: Osmosis Table 1.2: Individual Data of Change in Mass of Six Different Dialysis Bags Contents in Dialysis Bag Initial Mass Final Mass Mass Difference Percent Change in Mass a) distilled water 18.15 g 14.76 g 3.39 g -18.68% b) 0.2 M 19.40 g 17.33 g 2.07 g -10.67% c) 0.4 M 18.87 g 19.37 g -0.5 g 2.65% d) 0.6 M 19.83 g 19.68 g -0.15 g -0.5% e) 0.8 M 21.91 g 20.05 g -0.869 g -8.2% f) 1.0 M 18.78 g 18.07 g -0.71 g -3.7% Table 1.3: Class Data of Percent Change in Mass of Dialysis Bags Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Total Class Average Distilled Water -18.68% -2.2% -7.0% -7.2% -35.1 -8.8% 0.2 M -10.67% -22.3% -5.2% 1.8% -36.4% -9.1% 0.4 M 2.65% 6.2% 2.5% 3.9% 15.3% 3.8% 0.6 M -0.76% -3.8% -4.0% -6.55% -15.2% -3.8% 0.8 M -4.1% -26.3% -1.6% -3.78% -35.95% -8.95% 1.0 M -3.78% -3.27% -8.7% -29.4% -45.2% -11.3% Group 2, 4, 6 and 8 do not have any data for distilled water, 0.2M Sucrose, and 0.4M Sucrose and group 1, 3, 4 and 7 do not have any data for 0.6M Sucrose, 0.8M Sucrose and 1.0M Sucrose because of the lack of time. So, group 1 and 2 were paired up, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 to exchange data. Part C: Water Potential Table 1.4: Individual Data of Change in Mass of Potato Cores in Six Different Sucrose Solution Contents in Beaker Initial Mass Final Mass Mass Difference Percent Change in Mass Class Average % Change in Mass a) Distilled Water 2.39g 2.95g 0.56g 23.4% 23.3% b) 0.2M Sucrose 2.41g 2.69g 0.28g 11.6% 8.4% c) 0.4M Sucrose 2.47g 2.38g -0.09g -3.6% -3.7% d) 0.6M Sucrose 2.33g 1.98g -0.35g -15.0% -13.5% e) 0.8M Sucrose 2.46g 2.05g -0.41g -16.7% -19.9% f) 1.0M Sucrose 2.49g 1.95g -0.54g -21.7% -20.8% Table 1.5: Class Data of Percent Change in Mass of Potato Cores in Six Different Sucrose Solution Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Total Class Average Distilled Water 23.4% 18.9% 23.2% 27.5% 93% 23.3% 0.2M 11.6% 6.8% 5.0% 10.1% 33.5% 8.4% 0.4M -3.6% -3.7% -7.0% -0.4% -14.7% -3.7% 0.6M -15.02% -13.5% -11.16% -14.3% -54% -13.5% 0.8M -16.67% -22.5% -20.33% -20.2% -79.7% -19.9% 1.0M -21.69% -24.3% -24.39% -12.9% -83.3% -20.8% Group 2, 4, 6 and 8 do not have any data for distilled water, 0.2M Sucrose, and 0.4M Sucrose and group 1, 3, 4 and 7 do not have any data for 0.6M Sucrose, 0.8M Sucrose and 1.0M Sucrose because of the lack of time. So, group 1 and 2 were paired up, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 to exchange data. Part D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data Analysis: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis From table 1.1 in this part of the lab, it is seen that IKI is flowing into the bag and glucose is flowing out of the bag. That is because of diffusion and osmosis. Knowing of this process is due to the color transformation of the bag, therefore showing that IKI has penetrated the bag. By testing the beaker for the existence of glucose, it was found that the glucose permeated through the dialysis bag, mixing with the IKI and H2O in the beaker. This is possible because as stated osmosis is a branched off form of diffusion, in which it is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane and glucose is one of the substance that is able to go through. IKI along with glucose is tiny enough to enter and exit the dialysis bag. Part B: Osmosis Both the individual and class data of percent change in mass is shown in graph 1.1. To receive the percent change in mass, the initial mass was subtracted from the final mass. The difference is then divided by the initial mass and 100 is then multiplied to the quotient. The product is then the percent change in mass. Osmosis is present due to the change in mass of the dialysis bag. The mass is different for each bag because of the sucrose in the bags different molarity. That establishes the amount of water that progresses in and out of the bag, which then changes the mass. Part C: Water Potential From testing the potato cores in different sucrose solution, graph 1.2 illustrates that on the best fit line, the molar concentration of sucrose, the sucrose molarity that shows the mass of the potato cores does not change, is 0.4M. So the lower the concentration of the molar concentration of sucrose, the percentage of the potato cores mass increases and anything with a higher concentration of the molar concentration of sucrose the percentage in the potato cores mass decreases. This is all because molecules of any sucrose with a higher concentration of 0.4M are too great to enter or exit into the potato cores. Part D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data It is given that the solute potential of the sucrose solution is calculated by using ψs= iCRT. ÃŽ ¨s is the solute potential, the variable â€Å"i† represents the ionization constant, variable â€Å"C† signifies the molar concentration, variable â€Å"R† standing for the pressure constant (R= 0.0831 liter bars/mole oK), T is the temperature oK (273+ oC of solution). Since it is the solute potential of sucrose that must be found, â€Å"i† is 1.0, due to the fact that sucrose does not ionize in water. From the information of â€Å"i†, â€Å"C† is determined to be 1.0 mole/liter. So the problem that has 1.0M sugar solution at 22 oC under atmospheric conditions would be answered like this: Since the formula is ψs= iCRT, then when filling in for the variables the equation is now: ÃŽ ¨s= -(1)(1.0mole/liter)(0.0831 liter bar/ mole oK) (273+22) à   ψs =-24.51 bars The water potential can then be figured out by the formula: ψ = ψp + ψs. By being able to solve for the solute potential, the product would then be used to solve for the water potential. And from the knowledge of knowing that the water pressure, ψp, is equal to zero the formula filled out would turn out as: ψ=0 + (-24.51 bars) à   ψ = -24.51 bars From the graph of the percent change in mass of zucchini cores in different sucrose solution at 27 oC after 24 hours it can be concluded that the molar concentration of solute within the zucchini cell is 0.35 moles. From knowing the molar concentration of solute within the zucchini cell, the solute and water potential can be answered. Solute Potential= -1(0.35moles/liter)(0.0831 liter bar/mole oK)(273 +27) à   = -8.73 bars Water Potential= 0 + (-8.73) à   = -8.73 bars This is an important piece of information because by knowing the water potential, it is possible to predict the direction of the flow of water. Water flows from an area of a higher water potential to and area of lower water potential; so if the information of the water potential of the solution in the beaker which the zucchinis were soaked was given, the information of where the water flows would be known. Conclusion: This lab was to understand how diffusion and osmosis worked. The data that was received was consistent at some times. For part A and D of the lab, the results and calculations were consistent, but part B and C showed little consistency. That is because part B and C when comparing the percent change in mass with others, the numbers varied. The difference of the mass was changed, for it maybe misleading, into percentage, there eliminating any size factor and to compare the results. Though when comparing the percents with one another, some of the difference was too great to receive any accurate data. Some possibilities that may have altered the outcome of the results include the ends of the dialysis bags not being tied correctly, the inaccuracy of pouring the solutions, not a thorough cleaning of the outside of the dialysis bag and incorrect calculation and measurements. This lab can be modified to get a more consistent data by wearing gloves when working with the solutions, so when one is done pouring and tying the dialysis bag, gloves can be removed to reduce any chance of the solution being on the outside of the bag. A more accurate and precise measurement of the solution and the tightness and method of tying the ends of the bags can be arranged to be the same. With those alterations to the lab, the chance of a more consistent data is higher. Should Humans Be Blamed For Global Warming? Should Humans Be Blamed For Global Warming? Global warming is the next big impact that will bring about a change in the weather patterns. By definition, Global Warming is the increase in average temperature that gradually warms the Earths atmosphere. It is a phenomenon, which has been on the rise but in the last century, the increase in the levels have been alarming (George Christodoulou, 2006).Global warming has caused a lot of changes to the environment in a negative manner. According to the study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is observed that the increase in global average temperature has been caused due to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations (Slashman, 2007). Global warming can have many causes, but it is most commonly associated with human interference, specifically the release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases (EPA, 2006).It is either caused by humans or natural causes. Global warming is no more a myth but a fast approaching reality, which in the long-term will bring the much feared ice age that will wipe out all living organisms on Earth. The latest IPCC report states widespread mass losses from glaciers and reductions in snow cover over recent decades are projected to accelerate throughout the 21st century, reducing water availability, hydropower potential, and changing seasonality of flows in regions supplied by melt water from major mountain ranges (e.g. Hindu-Kush, Himalaya, Andes), where more than one-sixth of the world population currently lives (Geneva, 2010). Global warming has caused a major increase of heat towards the earths atmosphere and it is still affecting us till today due to numerous human activities. Although some people think that global warming happens due to natural factors, it is scientifically proven that humans are responsible for global warming. The purpose of this paper is to point out the irresponsible people causing global warming and not to blame the natural factor for global. There are many scientific and logical factors of global warming that are caused by human activities. The main factor is due to the depletion of ozone layer of the atmosphere which happens in the stratosphere which is 30 miles above the earth. What is the function of the ozone layer? The ozone layer protects the earth from radiating ultraviolet (UV) rays. The ozone is made up from oxygen molecules named triatomic oxygen. The ozone molecules or the triatomic oxygen will absorb the UV rays. Eventually the triatomic oxygen will split into diatomic oxygen and a monoxide. This process is repeated as the monoxide combines with diatomic oxygen to produce ozone molecules back and protects. Thus, this helps to protect UV rays from entering the earths atmosphere. The UV rays will heat up the earth as it penetrates through directly without the shield of ozone layer. Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the planet (Miller, G. Tyler Jr., 1987). The thinning of ozone layer happens due to human activities on the earths surface by burning and releasing harmful gases. As the ozone layer becomes thinner the UV rays will be trapped inside the earths atmosphere, therefore our earth becomes hotter. The shine of UV rays may cause skin cancer. In addition, it also dries up the earth and causes drought. Moreover it is because of the release of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases the ozone layer depletes. Human being use air conditioners to make the hot environment cooler, but what they dont seem to realize is that they are making the atmosphere even hotter. Air conditioners releases CFC gas when it is turned on. Besides that, refrigerators also release CFC gases when the doors are opened. The CFC gas will react with the ozone layer. The triatomic oxygen will be split and the chlorine atom from CFC will combine with the diatomic oxygen gas. This will produce chlorine monoxide. Referring to the statement above, there will be no chance of the oxygen to recombine to form ozone molecules. As a result a hole is created in the ozone layer. Slowly they start infiltrating into the upper layers of the atmosphere and soon reach the ozone rich stratosphere, where they undergo major chemical changes (H. Khemani, 2010). The CFC gas will soon disintegrate and the chlorine atom will react with the ozone molecule and changes to oxygen molecule. As soon as the ozone layer changes to oxygen molecule the ozone layer will be depleted. The most shocking fact about CFCs is that they have exceptionally long atmospheric life which, in certain cases, even extends to 100 years. This means that if CFC refrigerants are leaked in the atmosphere, they will keep depleting the ozone layer for the next 100 years to come (H. Khemani, 2010). There are other materials used by humans that release CFC gas such as chemical sprays and the burning of Styrofoam materials. Furthermore, the increase of carbon dioxide level leads to climatic changes. Humans are the main people to emit green house gasses to the environment. They emit them in a variety of ways. The combustion of fossil fuel by human activities releases green house gases which is carbon dioxide and others. When there is an increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air, the amount of heat captured by the carbon dioxide also increases (Bidisha Mukherjee, 2010). As the amount of carbon dioxide level increases in the atmosphere, heat is trapped inside the atmosphere and causes warming of the earth. Moreover, coal-burning of power plants also increases the carbon level in the atmosphere. Burning coal produces about 9 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, and about 70% of this is being generated from power plants (World-Nuclear.org, 2011). In addition factories emit more smoke and harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and oxide. These g ases do not only increase the temperature of the environment but causes harm to humans and animals. In addition to that, the burning of gasoline from transportation also contributes to global warming on a large- scale. Burning of gasoline will increase the amount of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a very harmful gas that it can cause death to living organisms on earth. This gas can react with other atoms to be more harmful. For example, it can combine an oxygen atom to produce carbon dioxide. By combining energy is needed and heat is produced. Dusts are also accumulated in the atmosphere which can trap the heat. Smog is another form of cloud of carbon which is also related to accumulation of heat in the atmosphere. Besides that, Brazil and Indonesia, which contain the worlds two largest surviving regions of rain forest, are being stripped at an alarming rate by logging, fires, and land-clearing for agriculture and cattle-grazing (NationalGeographic.com, 2011). Human activities of depleting forest illegally have caused a major climate change to the environment. Men nowadays are selfish and do things on their own for selfish benefits. They want to upgrade the economy of the country with the improvement of technology. The usage of land for development of buildings makes them to cut down forests uncontrolled. Besides, illegal deforestation for exporting logs to other countries for business purpose causes global warming. Trees are needed to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. By deforestation, the land is barren and exposed. Therefore, the earth will eventually get hotter. Excessive cutting of trees in forests for urban use and other purposes like buildings is detrimental to the environmental balance (Manali Oak ,2011). Another point related to this argument is the role of politicians who carry activities for the nations benefits that politicians play a role in global warming too. Even those politicians who are courageous enough to fight for action on the issue are not telling us the whole truth (Mark Jeantheau, 2004).The government is not responsible for the occurrence of global warming. They do not take any action towards illegal people who cause global warming and are mostly money minded. On their mind they always think of bribery and do not think about the effects of global warming. Public are not aware of this phenomena and take it easy. Government should be blamed for this for not educating the public about the effects of global warming and point out the consequences. So global warming happens due to the irresponsible activities of humans can lead to negative consequences. On the other hand opponent argues more by supporting that carbon dioxide released are not by human activities but natural phenomenon. Carbon dioxide is a natural source from the environment itself. As a natural phenomenon volcanoes rupture and emit carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide to the environment and causes a lot of negative impacts regarding global warming. Water vapors are also released which is the most hazardous gas to humans and the environment. Our studies show that globally, volcanoes on land and under the sea release a total of about 200 million tonnes of CO2 annually (hvo.wr.usgs.gov ,2007 ). Besides volcano eruptions, natural burning of forest or called forest fires release carbon dioxide in a drastic level to the environment. Forest fires happen spontaneously due to overheat and not by people. Sometimes forest fires can be spontaneous due to hot and dry weather (Chandramita Bora,2010).Moreover, forest fires happen when the weather is thundering and storming. The lightning carries high voltage current. As the current hits the trees a small spark created would light up a leaf and spread the fire to the whole forest. There are no ways for fire fighters or other rescue teams to put out the fire due to high temperatures. The carbon level of the environment increases drastically and causes haze also. The heat of the earth goes up tremendously. It can increase the level of greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons), and thereby increase pollution and global warming (Chandramita Bora,2010). The opponent says humans are not the only people who emit carbon dioxide by exhaling them but animals do too. It is wrong to say humans are to be blamed alone for global warming. Humans are not responsible for the increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide on global scale. Furthermore, carbon dioxide does not have a long life time. Instead of pinning an absolute value on the atmospheric lifetime of CO2, the 2007 report describes its gradual dissipation over time, saying, About 50% of a CO2 increase will be removed from the atmosphere within 30 years, and a further 30% will be removed within a few centuries due to the plants and others (Mason Inman, 2008).It is only temporary and if it would be blamed that it is going to affect the future generation which is wrong. In addition to that, a meteorological scientist named William Kininmonth (2004) explains that climatic change occurs due to natural phenomenon and not by human activities. The assumption of a climate system forced primarily by the radiation effects of greenhouse gases is a limited perspective of the complex climate system. (William Kininmonth ,2004). Climate scientists cannot prove that the current warming is not due to natural processes and therefore cannot claim with certainty that the warming is due to human interference. However, the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) disproves global warming by human activities. MWP is a natural phenomenon and the MWP was a time of warm climate in Europe. So, human activities have nothing to do with the global warming, as evident from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). The ice age is not due to global warming as mentioned by scientist. There will be a new prediction of ice age where it is a natural phenomenon not caused by humans that contributes global warming. The supporter refutes the opponents argument by giving explanations that very little carbon dioxide is caused by volcanic rupture. There are no proves that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide and it is a myth. There have been volcanic eruptions so massive that they covered vast areas in lava more than a kilometre thick and appear to have released enough CO2 to warm the planet after the initial cooling caused by the dust ( Catherine Brahic , 2007). Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide naturally as it a natural cycle of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there are not many volcanoes around the world and it only ruptures after a long period. Besides that, the supporters argue more on the point of forest fires. Forest fires are mainly caused by human activities like clearing and burning for starting plantations to produce cash crops like oil palm , rubber and sugar cane. Throwing of cigarettes by hunters or campers, creating camp fires and picnics causes light ups of fire and would put up fire on the forest. Even though, carbon dioxide has a life-time, it still can contribute heat to the environment for a certain period. Climate changes are due to human activities on a large-scale. Humans burns fossil fuel like coals openly, followed by spraying aerosols which could damage the environment, cement manufacture factories releases smog and artificial harmful gases which changes the climate and causes global warming. As a conclusion of this argument about should humans be blamed for global warming, it can be strongly mentioned that humans are to be blamed mostly. Natural factors do contribute to global warming but it is minimal. In order to prevent global warming from occurring, governments should take more drastic measures on this matter and do awareness campaigns among their countries. As a concluding statement for this topic humans are to be blamed for the cause of global warming. (2282 words)

Data Analysis

To analyze the time series data, a statistical software (STATA) was used. In time series data analysis important required condition is stationarity of the data set. To test whether the time series is stationary or not, the two tests are used; the ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller) test and Zivot and Andrews test for unit root. Both of these tests have same null hypothesis that the series is non-stationary (unit root process). For ADF unit root test we need lag length for the given time series variables. The lag length is selected by using information criteria (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) mentioned in section [2.2]. We performed the unit root tests with both trend and constant. It is important because the graphs of the time series variables gives an indication, whether we will include the trend term in the model or not. We can check the t value as well for inclusion of trend term in the model. The graph of immigration, unemployment and inflation shows that these series have time trend, but GDP growth rate series has no trend. The Table 4 summarizes the results of ADF test at levels. The given table consists of test statistics value and p-value. In case of variable GROWTH, the hypothesis was rejected and we can say that GDP growth rate is stationary at levels. The remaining variables IMMIG, UNEMP and INF are non-stationary at levels. All these three variables are non-stationary, when ADF test is performed with trend and intercept in the model. Table 4: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at levelsVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -0.838 0.8077 -2.825 0.1881UNEMP -1.398 0.5833 -2.503 0.3265GROWTH -5.671 0.0000 -5.587 0.0000INF -1.313 0.6231 -3.163 0.1032Since the series (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are not-stationary at levels, we take first difference for these three series. After taking the first differenced for IMMIG, UNEMP and INF series, the ADF test are then performed, as shown in table 5. Now these three variables are stationary at the first difference and they are said to be integrated of first order. Table 5: Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Root at first differenceVariables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) P-value Test statistics P-valueIMMIG -6.516 0.0000 -6.520 0.0000UNEMP -4.582 0.0001 -4.523 0.0014INF -7.967 0.0000 -7.891 0.0000 The results obtained from Zivot and Andrews test of unit are shown table 6. GDP growth rate has same results like in previous tests which is stationary at level with constant and trend and without trend. Unemployment rate and immigration are non-stationary series with or without trend. The inflation rate is stationary without trend but non-stationary when including trend term in the model. Zivot and Andrews test was reformed after taking first difference of the three non-stationary time series. The unemployment, immigration and inflation rate have a strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of unit root at first difference.Table 6. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at levels)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Break Year Test statistics Z(t) Break YearIMMIG -4.167 2006 -3.698 2002UNEMP -5.313 1992 -3.841 1997GROWTH -6.001*** 1994 -5.180*** 2005INF -5.025** 1992 -3.830 1977Note: significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level Table 7. Zivot and Andrew unit root test for structural break (at first difference)Variables With intercept With trend and intercept Test statistics Z(t) Test statistics Z(t)D. IMMIG -7.032*** -6.413***D.UNEMP -5.600*** -4.632**D.INF -7.092*** -6.896*** Note: *significant at 10% level, **significant at 5% level, *** significant at 1% level The empirical results of vector autoregressive model are investigated in the form of Granger causality test and Impulse response function. In this thesis, the time series variables used on levels to perform VAR model, because GDP growth rate is stationary on level and the remaining three variables (IMMIG, UNEMP and INF) are stationary at first difference. As mentioned in section [2.1], various studies have indicated that vector auto regressive model can be estimated on levels of variables.The information criterion is used to select the lag length for a vector autoregressive model with four time series variables. The three information criterion (HQIC, AIC, SBIC) gives same lag length, which is two. But we preferred SBIC for selecting the lag length. After computing the results of vector autoregressive model, there is need to test for autocorrelation of residuals and stability of the model. The LM Test for Residual Autocorrelation is used to test for autocorrelation. The results of the test shows that there is no evidence of autocorrelation found between the residuals. The resulting VAR model gives all eigenvalues less than one and these eigenvalues lies inside the unit circle shown in appendix [A4], which confirms that estimated VAR model is stable.The Granger causality test is performed by using the results of VAR model. Table 8 shows the results of Granger-causality. The null and alternative hypotheses is used for immigration variable are H_0: Immigration does not Granger cause unemployment rateH_1: Immigration granger causes the unemployment rate H_0: Immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the GDP growth rate ? H?_0: Immigration does not Granger cause inflation rate H_1: Immigration granger causes the inflation rateIn first column of table 8 the null hypothesis is shown and degree of freedom is in 2nd column. The next two columns give test statistics value and p-value. We set the level of significance to be at 5%. The degree of freedom for all pairs is used 2, because the estimated VAR model has lag length 2. The results obtained from granger causality test for first null hypothesis have p-value 0.194, which is a clear evidence that we cannot reject null hypothesis. It showed that immigration does not granger cause unemployment rate. For hypothesis about effect of immigration on GDP growth rate, the p-value is 0.35, which means again that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the immigration does not granger cause GDP growth rate. The same results found in case of immigration and inflation rate hypothesis, where the p-value is 0.186. It is found that immigrations do not granger cause inflation rate. In these three cases we cannot reject the null hypothesis. Table 8: Engle-Granger test for Causality:Null Hypothesis df Chi-sq Prob > chi-sq decision IMMIG does not granger cause UNEMP 2 3.2787 0.194 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause GROWTH 2 2.1011 0.350 Do not reject H0IMMIG does not granger cause INF 2 3.3626 0.186 Do not reject H0The impulse response function obtained from vector autoregressive model results are presented in figures (6-9). The impulse response function in the figure (7) shows the response of unemployment rate after a shock in the immigration. At first two steps, the resulting effect is negative, but after two steps it has a positively increasing trend till the fourth step. At the fourth step it has a maximum value near 2 and after fourth step it goes down, which eventually disappeared at sixth step. The impulse response function in this case build an idea that immigrations have positive short run relationship with unemployment.The figure (8) displays the response of growth rate to a shock in immigrations. It shows the negative relation in first three years. After the third year, it tends towards positive side and after sixth year it fades away. In figure (9) the response of inflation rate to a shock in immigration show that in first three years it has positive value. But after third years, it is going towards negative side till sixth year and after sixth year it has no effect. It shows that in first years immigration and inflation have positive significance short run relationship and after this period it has negative relation till sixth year. Figure 6: Graph of Impulse Response Function Figure 7: Response of UNEMP to a shock in IMMIG Figure 8: Response of GROWTH to a shock in IMMG Figure 9: Response of INF to a shock in IMMG ? ConclusionsThe main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of immigration on macro-economic variables in Sweden. In this study unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are considered as the economic variables. The annual data for period 1970-2014 is used to examine the relationship between these variables in Sweden. We estimated VAR model for a short run relationship. The estimated VAR model satisfied the stability condition and by using Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for autocorrelation, it was made sure that there is no autocorrelation between the residuals at any lag order 2. The granger causality analysis performed by using the results of VAR model. The granger causality results shows that the immigration does not effect the unemployment rate, growth rate and inflation rate in Sweden during the study period. It is concluded that immigration has no short run relationship with these three macro-economic variables. The results obtained from impulse response function shows that the immigration has short run positive relationship with the unemployment rate after first few years. On the other hand, the immigration have negative effect on growth rate in first three periods, but after these periods, the reverse effect has been observed. There is a positive relationship found in first two years between immigration and inflation rate. But after two years it has negative relationship between immigration and inflation rate. The impulse response function results shows that immigration affect these economic variables for five to six periods and after that it have no such effect. This indicates that in the beginning the immigrants does not participate in the economic growth. One probable cause of this could be the exposure to a new language in Sweden, which produces language barriers. Which also verifies that the GDP growth rate becomes static relative to the immigrations after few years, since language barrier is a temporary effect. However, considering more economic variables which could be affected by the immigration may lead to more findings in Sweden's economic growth. Moreover, increasing the sample size of the study variables could yield more improved results. Data Analysis According to Parahoo (2006, p.375), data analysis is â€Å"an integrated part of the research design†, which is a way of appreciating the data before presenting them in an understandable manner. While Authors(De Vos, 2005:333; Neuman, 2006:16) describes data analysis as a way in which the data was captured, analysed, and the statistical procedures used in order to bring meaning and measure to it. For the purpose of this mix method, study both qualitative and quantitative data collected from the field will be analysed. Content analysis will be used to analyze the data that will be gathered from focus group interviews. The process of analysing the qualitative data will start immediately after the focus group discussions is concluded. Therefore, the aim of this study is to follow the process outlined by Babbie and Mouton (2010:493, 494, 495); Creswell and Plano Clark (2007:129); Schurink, Fouchà © & De Vos (2011:403-404); Singh (2007:82); Welman, Kruger and Mitchell (2005:211) to achieved the following: managed or organised data so as to make it easily retrievable and managed; analysed, described, and classified data; represented and visualised data so as to be able to present and place them in the form of themes and statements. The Data will also be validated and interpreted (Alasuutari et al., 2008:362, 363; Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007:35; Flick, 2008:16; Schurink, Fouchà © & De Vos, 2011:417). According to Moore & McCabe (2005), this is the type of research whereby data gathered is categorized in themes and sub-themes, will be able to be comparable. This will help us to reduce and simplify the data collection processes, while at the same time producing results to assist in the measurement of using quantitative techniques. Another aim of the content analysis in this research is to assist us to structure the qualitative data collected in a way that satisfies the accomplishment of research objectives. However, human error can be highly involved in the content analysis process, since there is the risk for researchers to misinterpret the data gathered, thereby generating false and unreliable conclusions (Krippendorff & Bock, 2008).Thus, in additional to content analysis, the Statistical weighted mean will be used to answer the research questions. Most of the response options in the questionnaire instrument will be weighted as shown below:Table xx: Likert Scale of SignificanceStrongly Agree Agree Undecided/ Neutral Strongly Disagree DisagreeSA A U/N SD D5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 PointThe acceptance point for the items will be 2.50. Nworgu, (1991), purports that the t-test is testing hypothesis about the differences between means when the sample size is small. Therefore, we will be using, the t-test statistical analysis to test the three null hypotheses used in this study. On the other hand, if the calculated t-value is greater than the critical value of t, the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative, which is â€Å"significance† will be accepted. By extension if the calculated t-value is lesser than the critical t-value, the null hypothesis (Research questions) will be accepted and the alternative rejected. However, the null hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 (5 %) level of significance. This means 5 chances of being in error out of every 100 cases. Therefore, any chances of error will be very low.The statistical weight mean will be supported and complemented by the use of IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (Singh, 2007:83). According to some authors(Babbie& Mouton, 2010:459; Fouchà © & Bratley, 2011:251) the researcher will be using descriptive methods to describe, analyse, and summarise numerical data into major characteristics of the study without distorting or losing too much of valuable information, so that it is simple, manageable, and more understandable and to facilitate eventual processing of data, the researcher will also be analysed quantitative data according to different themes of the measuring instrument (Delport & Roestenburg, 2011:196). Most importantly data will be presented and displayed in the form of table/s and graphic/s. (Fouchà © & Bratley, 2011:257).

Words Are Mightier Than the Sword

Ayoub Awadalla Prof. Brumfield October 9, 2012 Words Are Mightier Than The Sword The story â€Å"By Any Other Name,† by Santha Rau, explains the memory of the writer’s first and last week as a student at an Anglo-Indian school. Santha Rau speaks about the happy, sad, and embarrassing moments she had in school. She also speaks about how earning a â€Å"valid† education, in western terms, is difficult to achieve in India. When someone is in an environment where it is typical to hear insensitive and irresponsible language, s/he will likely become insensitive and irresponsible.Insensitive and irresponsible speech typically becomes a chain reaction. Once someone speaks or says an insensitive or irresponsible thing, the other person will follow with being insensitive and irresponsible. An example was when Permila, Santha’s older sister, was getting ready to take a test, but the teacher made her and the other Indian kids sit in the back with a desk in between eac h other. The teacher said, â€Å"It was because Indians cheat. Once Permila heard this insensitive statement, she stormed out of her class, marched into Santha’s class and told her â€Å"get up, were going home. † When she got to Santha’s class, the teacher smiled at her in a kindly and encouraging way and said â€Å"now, you’re little Cynthia’s sister? † Permila wore a poker face that did not betray a single emotion. Treating Santha’s teacher with an insensitive way, just like her teacher treated her. Changing a name of a child is a confusing matter for the child to understand.A child is a stranger when it comes down to lying. Most children, from ages of 3-6, are innocent and do not know how to lie. The head mistress changed Permila’s name to Pamela, and Santha’s name to Cynthia. Santha was too young to understand and was okay with the name changing. Permila kept a â€Å"stubborn silence† while Santha replied, à ¢â‚¬Å"thanks you. † And when the teacher asked Santha for her name, she replied, â€Å"I don’t know. † She was confused; thus, did not know if she should say her real name, or the new name she received from the head mistress.This act by the head mistress was very irresponsible. She was too lazy to call Santha, her real name, so she gave her an artificial name. Being rude, insensitive, or speaking irresponsibly to someone will most likely cause him or her to be rude, insensitive, or speak irresponsibly to you too. One must be carful of what s/he speaks, because what comes around, goes around. Just like the head mistress spoke to the girls insensitively and irresponsibly, they both left the school and never went back.